Ukuvela Komlando Kwezinto Ze-elekthronikhi nama-Microcircuits

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ze-elekthronikhi nama-microcircuits uyingqopha-mlando yobuchwepheshe bokucindezela okuqhubekayo kwabantu okudlula imingcele engokwenyama, ukuphishekela ubukhulu obuncane nokusebenza okuphezulu. Umsuka wayo ungalandelelwa emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho ukusungulwa kweshubhu lokuhlanza kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwezinto zikagesi. UFleming wasungula i-diode ngo-1904, elandelwa yi-triode ethuthukisiwe ye-De Forest ngo-1906, ebeka isisekelo sokukhulisa i-electronic kanye nokucubungula amasignali. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu, nokuba buthaka kwamashubhu e-vacuum kwashukumisela ososayensi ukuba bafune ezinye izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukuphumelela kwezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor kwaguqula ubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi. Ngo-1947, u-Shockley, u-Bardeen, kanye no-Brattain e-Bell Labs basungula i-transistor, into entsha eyingqopha-mlando eyenza ukwenziwa okuncane kwezinto zikagesi. Kamuva, umqondo wesifunda esihlanganisiwe (IC) wahlongozwa ngokuzimela nguJack Kilby noRobert Noyce ngo-1958, futhi wathengiswa ngo-1959. Ama-Microcircuits ahlanganisa ama-transistors amaningi ku-silicon chip chip, athuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko.

Ngawo-1970s, ukufika koMthetho ka-Moore kwabikezela ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwenani lama-transistors kumasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, okuqhubeza ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-microelectronics. Intuthuko ku-photolithography inikeze amandla izinqubo zokukhiqiza ama-chip ukuthi zisuke ku-micron ziye esikalini se-nanometer, okubhebhezela ukwanda kwamakhompuyutha omuntu siqu, ezokuxhumana ngeselula, kanye ne-inthanethi. Ingena ekhulwini lama-21, izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-carbon nanotubes,{4}}izinto ezinobukhulu obubili (ezifana ne-graphene), namachashazi e-quantum ahlolwa{5}}amadivayisi kagesi esizukulwane esilandelayo, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha be-3D kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa obuhlukahlukene buye baphusha imingcele yokusebenza kwama-microcircuits.

Kusukela kumashubhu e-vacuum kuya kuma-nanoscale chips, ukuvela kwezinto zikagesi kanye nama-microcircuits akugcinanga nje ngokulolonga kabusha ubuchwepheshe besimanje kodwa kuphinde kwaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni esisebenza futhi esiphila ngayo. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, izinto zikagesi zizoqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili ekusebenzeni kahle kakhulu nasekuhlakanipheni.